Text comparison makes it possible to describe specific matches, their extent, location and the nature of adaptation. It differs from identifying an author and cannot be reduced to a percentage produced by an automated system.

Subject of examination

  • Disputed text and presumed sources
  • Matching passages, structure and sequence of presentation
  • Quotations, fixed expressions, terminology and adapted passages

Sample questions for the expert

  • Which passages of the texts match verbatim or in adapted form?
  • What is the nature of the matches: quotation, paraphrase, compilation or shared terminology?
  • Are the source's sequence, composition and individual features preserved?
  • Which matches can be explained by a template, shared subject matter or commonly used expressions?

The final questions are formulated according to the objects and circumstances of the particular task.

What to prepare

  • Complete versions of the texts being compared, with dates and sources
  • Information about versions, publications and the availability of materials
  • A list of presumed sources and automated checking reports, if available
  • Questions and identification of the disputed passages

How the examination is conducted

Passages are compared with precise references to their location in each text. Verbatim matches are distinguished from adaptation of content and composition. The denominator and method for calculating the extent of matches are described if such a calculation is needed.

Scope and limitations

Textual similarity does not itself resolve the legal question of infringement of an exclusive right. The lawfulness of quotation, the rights holder and liability are assessed in light of the legal circumstances.

What the deliverable records

A comparison table, a description of the nature of the matches and substantiated answers are prepared without substituting for findings on authorship or legal conclusions.

Cost and terms

from RUB 70 000. The exact cost depends on the length of the text, number of samples, number of authors, questions and urgency.